1、 1、氧化性：F2 + H2 = 2HFF2 +Xe(过量)=XeF22F2（过量）+Xe=XeF4nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属)2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O22F2 +2NaOH=2NaF+OF2 +H2OF2 +2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2 +2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI =2NaF+I2F2 +Cl2 (等体积)=2ClF3F2 (过量)+Cl2=2ClF37F2(过量)+I2 =2IF7Cl2 +H2 =2HCl3Cl2 +2P=2PCl3Cl2 +PCl3 =PCl5Cl2 +2Na=2NaCl3Cl2 +2Fe=2FeCl3Cl2 +2FeCl2
2、=2FeCl3Cl2+Cu=CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HClCl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2 +H2S=2HCl+SCl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HClCl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O22O2 +3Fe=Fe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S2S+C=CS2S+Fe=FeSS+2Cu=Cu2S3S+2Al=Al2S3S+Zn=ZnSN2+3H2=2NH3N2+3Mg=Mg3N2N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NN2+6K=2K
3、3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3NP2+6H2=4PH3P+3Na=Na3P2P+3Zn=Zn3P22、还原性：S+O2=SO2S+O2=SO2S+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4 HNO3(稀)=3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2=2PX3 （X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2=PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl42C+O2(少量)=2COC+O2(足量)=CO2C+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2=Si
4、+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl=SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H23、（碱中）歧化：Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2=CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH（热，浓）=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH（浓）+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5C
5、u3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO金属单质（Na，Mg，Al，Fe）的还原性：2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O22Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4（熔融）=4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2=MgCl2Mg+Br2=MgBr22Mg+O2=2MgOMg+S=MgSMg+2H2O=Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4（熔融）=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=
6、2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3（钝化）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+
7、4HNO(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)=Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn)非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) ：1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2M
8、nCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2
9、NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)=2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量）2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(
10、NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2=2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3、碱性：NH3+HCl=NH4ClNH3+HNO3=NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）4、不稳定性：2HF=H2+F22HCl=H2+Cl22H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S=H2+S2NH3=N2+3H2非金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性：2SO2+O2=2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应
11、）SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2=SO3+NO2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O=CO2+H22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4Cu
12、O+N2CO2+2Mg=2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3、与水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO43NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3P2O5+H2O=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O=H2CO34、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3(这是硫酸厂回收
13、SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2, 再用H2SO4处理: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2。生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2金属氧化物1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）Mg
